Organic Farming

VAIMIN / MAIZE Zea mays

A Tichhetu rannung lar zualte :

1. Kung hreuhtu pangang (Pink stemborer) Sesamia inferens:Pangang hian a kung lairil a hreuhin an ei chhe thin.

2. Kung rawttu pangang (Cutwork) Agrotis upsilon:Pangang, a huhoa che thin an ni a, vaimim kung chu a la no laiin an rawt a, a hnah an ei bawk thin a ni.

3. Thlai hrik (Aphids) Rhophalosiphun maidis : Hrik, taksa nem tak nei a ni a, vaimim peng hrang hrang an zuk thin. A huho in an awm thin.

4. Vual (White grub) Holotrichia consanguinea : Vual ho hi leichhung a khawsa in vaimim zung chu an ei thin.

5. Tlumpi (Termites) Microtermes obesi : Tlumpi ho hian vaimim zung an ei thin.

A natna lar zualte :-

1. Leaf blight Helminthosporium turcicum : Vaimim hnah chu a hnah hnuai ber atanga intanin an rang ruak ruak a, chuta tang chuan a kung pumpui chu a rawn na thin.

2. Downy mildew (Sclerophthora rayssiae var,zeae, Peronosclerospora sorghi, P.philippinensis: A hnah a rau a, a hnuai lamah hian hmuar hri hi a rawn hmul chhuak thin.

3. Rust Puccinia sorghi : A hnahah chuan te reuh te te a intan in a rawn bawl a, chutah heng bawl te te hi rawn keh in hmuar hri chu a vut dum ang takin a rawn baw thin, vaimim hnah chu a ro vek thin a ni.

4. Smut Sphacelotheca reiliana : A chhawnah bawk insiamin chu chu a keh a, vut dum ang tak a baw vak thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Vaimim ven dan :

• Thal laiin lei chu hneh deuh a lehphut nise. Leichhunga rannung leh natna hrik bakah,hlo chi inphum te chu nisa ah an inpho thi dawn a ni.

• Thlai chi hrisel tha chauh hman thin tur a ni.

• Trichoderma viridae emaw, Trichoderma harzianum emaw. 4 gram leh chi kg 1 nuai pawlh hian, hun engemaw chhung chu natna hri tamtak lakah Vaimim tiak chu a ven theih a ni.

• Neem cake kg 200, hactre khat hmun atan a hman hian rannung leh thlai rulhut lakah a veng thei a, tin, thlai chaw tha chi khat a ni bawk.

• A bi inhnaih lutuk a tuh loh tur a ni

• Chaw tha a mamawh tawk pek thin tur.

• Hmun rualrem leh zawl a chin chuan tui tling theilo a siam tur a ni.

• A chi tuh atanga chawlhkar 2-3 leh chawlhkar 6 na ah te uluk lehzuala thlawhfai thin tura ni.

• Thlai hrisello chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Rannung/Pangang te cu vai a, that thin tur a ni

• Khuaidang chi khat, Trichogramma chilonis chhuah hian a kung nget tur pangang lakaha veng thei.

• Bekawmnei emaw, badam emaw, la emaw nen vaimim chu chin thlak thleng thin tur ani.

HRIAK PAI THLAI / OIL SEEDS

BADAM / GROUNDNUT Arachis hypogea

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1. Vual (White grub) Holotrichia spp. : Heng vual te hian a zung leh a rah an ei thin.

2. Hnah eitu pangang (Tobacco caterpillar) Spodoptera litura: Hetiang ang pangang ho hian a hnah an ei thin.

Hnah hreuhtu pangang (Leaf Miner) Aproaerema midocella : A hnah hreuhin hnapkhawn vahna ang takin a rang thin

3.Hnah hreuhtu pangang (Leaf Miner) Aproaerema midocella : A hnah hreuhin hnapkhawn vahna ang takin a rang thin.

Thlai hrik (Aphids) Aphis Craccivora : Thlai hrik taksa nem tak nei an ni a, a huho a khawsa in thlai peng hrang hrang chu an zuk/ dawt thin.

A Natna lar zual te :

1. A hnah natna – Leaf spots/ Tikka disease Phaeoisariopsis personatum & Cercospora arachidicola : A hnah leh a peng hrang hrangah a val thluah thluah a, a ro a, a thih phah thin.

Rust Puccinia arachidis : A hnah hnuai lamah te reuh te te in a durh a, hemi durh hi keh in vut dum ang a rawn chhuak vak thin.

2. A Kung natna Crown rot/Collar rot Aspergillus Niger : A chi a tawih thin. A tiah chhuah hnua hemi natna hi a rawn lan chuan a kung chu leiseh chinah a rawn lawng a, a vuai thin.

3. Charcoal rot Cacrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia balaticola: A Kung chu leiseh chin atangin a tawih a, a zung te pawh a tawih vek thin. A hri hi antam hri ang takin a kung leiseh chinah a rawn bawk chhuak thluah thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Badam ven dan :

Nipui laiin leilet chu uluk taka leh phut tur a ni

Thlai chi chu Trichoderma viridae @ 4g/kg seeds a sawngbawl hian natna tam tak lakah an him thei.

• Fur ruahtui tlak hma a chin hian rannung leh natna tamtak lakah a him thei.

• Badam tlar 3 atanga tlar 6 dan a behliang tlar khat zel chin tel thin a tha.

• Behlawi te, bekang te nihawi te tawktarh thlai (trap crop) atan a tha.

• A bit thei ang bera chin hian natna thenkhat leh hlo lakah an him deuh bik.

• A chi thlak atanga ni 15-20 ah leh ni 30-45 ah hneh taka thlawh tur a ni.

• Thlai hrisello te chu pawh a halral thin tur a ni.

• Rannung tui leh a puitling te chu lawrkhawm a, halral thin tur a ni.

• Thim hlim a huan sir leh hmun remchang laia mei chheh hian, rannung, a tichhetu te anin rawhhlum thei a ni.

• Neem damdawi tuiin thlai chu kah thin tur a ni.

• Trichogramma chilonis hi chawlhkar khat danah tum 2 chhuah tur a ni

• Badam chawh hun hi fimkhur a ngai a. A rah no lutuk seng loh tur, tin, a chan lutukhmaa seng tur a ni.

• Buh emaw, vaimin emaw nen badam chu chin thlak thin a tha.

BEKANG / SOYABEAN Glycine max

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

Hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obligua

Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura:

Heng pangang te hian a hnah an ei thin

Leaf miner Aproaerema modicella:

A hnahah ah hreuh a, hnapkhawn kalna hnu ang mai in a rang thin.

Semilooper Chrysodeixis acuta:

Khaodiau an ni a, a hnah an ei thin.

Leaf folder Hedylepta indicate:

Pangang an ni a, a hnah an khawr thin.

Stem Fly Melanagromyza sojae:

A hnah an ei kaw thluah a, chutah a kung hreuhin an buhchium thin.

White Fly Bemisia tabaci:

Tho tereuhte ang an ni a. Thlai hnah chu an zuk a, tin, thlaiah chuan virus natna an thlen thei.

Jassids Amrasca spp.:

Thlai hrik a ni a, a note hian thla an neilo. Thlai hnah an zuk thin.

Curid bug Clavigralla gibbosa:

Rannung te reuh te te an ni a, thlai rah chu an zuk/dawt a, a rah a pum thei lo.

A Natna lar zual te :

1. A Kung natna:-

Damping off Pythium ultimum & phytopthora megasporum – sojae : A kung lawng natna a ni a. A sen laiin a she chinah a tawih a, a thi thin.

Sclerotium stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii: Lei she chinah a kung a tawih thin

2.  A hnah natna:-

Frog eye leaf spot Cercospora sojina : A hnahah chuan te reuh te te in a val thluah

Downy mildew Peronospora manshurica : A hnah a eng a, a hnuai lamah a hmuar chhuak iar thin a ni.

Powdery mildew Microsphera diffusa : Vut buak natna a ni. Hemi vut ang tak hi a hmuar hri a ni a, a hnah chunglamah a rawn awm thin.

Rust Phakospora pachyrhizi : Vut buak natna ang tak a ni ve a, mahse a rawng hi a dum thung a ni.

3. A rah natna:-

Anthracnose/ Pod Blight

Colletotrichum spp. Gloesporium sp.,

Glomerella glycines

A rahah te, a tangah te leh a kungah te a rawn val thluah thin. A rah insiam chhun pawh a sawng te a, tin, a rah hi a phut dup thin.

Pod rot or Collar rot

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum

A hnah chu rawn engine a tla vak thin. A rah fang pawh a dum a, tin, a kung han phel hian a dum in a kap ruah thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Bekang ven dan :

•  Thlai chi chu Trichoderma viridae @ 4g/kg a nuai pawlh tur a ni.

•  Thlai hrisello leh rannung te chu lawrkhawm a, halral thin tur a ni.

•  Rannung tangkai chi hrang hrang, huan leh lo hmuna awm te chu zuah hram hram tur a ni

•  Neem damdawi hmangin thlai a rannung te chu kah thin tur a ni.

•  Thal laiin lei chu tha tak a leh phut tur a ni

TEL ANTAM / RAPESEED & MUSTARD

Hairy campestris / B. Juncea

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

Hairy caterpillar Diacrisia obligua

Cabbage butterfly Pieris Brassicae:

Pangang an ni a, a hnah an ei thin.

Leaf miner Phytomyza horticola:

A hnah hreuhtu a ni a, hnapkhawn kalna ang tak in a hnah a rang riak thin.

Mustard sawfly Athalia proxima:

A hnah eitu an ni a, a note/pangang hi a hnungzang hmun 5 a a dung zawnga eng in a tial thin.

Mustard aphids Lipaphis erysimi:

Antam hrik hian a hnah leh a zik an zuk thin.

Painted bug Bagrada cruciferarum:

A Natna lar zual te

1.  A hnah natna

White rush Albugo candida: A hnah hnuai lam a var phuar a, a peng hrang hrang te chu a chhah tup thin.

Alternative blight Alternaria brassicae & A. brassicicola: A hnahah a val thluah a, hei I rawn darh zel in a hnah chu a ro vek thin.

Powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum & E.polygoni: Vutbuak ang main thlai chu a var chuai thin a ni.

2.  A zung leh a kung natna

Stem rot or stem blight Sclerotina Sclerotiorum: Thlai peng hrang hrangte chu a rawn tawih a, a tawih laiah hian antam chi ang tak in a hri hi mum te tak te in a awm thluah thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Tel-antam ven dam:

• Leilet buh seng zawh a Tel antam theh hma hian leilet chu hneh deuh a lehphut thin tur a ni. Lei chhunga rannung leh natna hri bakah, hlo chite chu an thi thei a ni. Tin, Tel antam pawh a tiak tha in a rah an chhuah tha thei bik bawk a ni.

• Thlai chi theh hma in thlai sengna hnu chambang te chu halral vek tur a ni

• Antam chi hi Trichoderma viridae a nuai hian natna tamtak lakah a veng thei.

• Thlai chi cu a hmalam ah theh ni thei se. A tlai chuan Antam hrik leh natna hri tamtak an pung duh a ni.

• Thlai chi theh atanga thla khatna a tui pek hian Painted bug puang tur a veng thei a ni.

• Tui awlsam tak a luang hul mai thei turin leilung buatsaih ni se.

• Pangang, thlai hnah ei tute chu, vai khawm a, tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Pangang tui, thlai hnah a awm te leh, thlai hnah leh a kung hrisel lo te pawh vai khawm a, halral thin tur a ni.

• Antamhrik, a bawra awm chu vai khawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Neem damdawi in antam kung chu a khat tawka kah thin a tha.

• Thlai sengna hnu te chu lawrkhawma halral tur a ni.

CHHAWHCHHI / SESAME Sesamum indicum

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  A hnah ei tu

Hawk moth Acherontia styx : Pangang lian tak an ni a, hnah an ei thin. Leaf webber/pod borer Antigastra catalaunalis : Pangang a ni a, thlai hnah an ei thin. A ril in thlai hnah a khawr a, chutah chuan a cheng thin, tin, a rah an kher bawk thin.

2.  A Kuhmum eit

Gall Fly Asphondylian sesami : Thosi ang tak an ni a, thlai chuan kuhmum a nei chhe thin.

A natna lar zualte :

1.  A hnah natna:

• Alternaria blight Alternania sesame: A hnahah a val bial thluah thluah a, rawn darh zel in a hnah chu a ro thin.

• Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum: Vut buang ang maiin thlai chu a hnah leh a zik te a var chuai thin.

• Cerospora leaf spot Cercospora sesame: Thlai a par tan laiin a hnahah a rawn val thluah thluah thin.

2.  A Kung leh a zung natna:

• Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesame:Thlai chu a rawn vuai a, a thi mai thin.

• Sclerotium rot Sclerotium rolfsii : Leiseh chinah a rawn lawng a, thlai chu a thi thin. Hmuar hri hi antam chi ang tak in thlai kungah chuan a bet tuar thei a ni.

3.  A par natna:

• Phyllody Mycoplasma like organism: A par insiam tan laiin, a par chu a rawn chhah tup thin a, awmze neilo in a rawn buk luai thin. Rah a chhuah thei lo.

Rannung leh Natna laka Chhawhchhi ven dan :

• Nipui laiin lei chu uluk taka lehphut tur a ni.

• Trichoderma vividae 4 gms leh a chi kg 1 nuai pawlh hian a zung natna lakah a veng thei a ni.

• Thlai chi thlak atanga ni 20-na ah leh ni 35-na ah te uluk taka thlawh fai tur a ni.

• Green gram leh red gram te nena chin pawlh hi a tha.

• Thim hlim a mei chheh hian rannung thenkhat an in rawhhlum thei thin.

• Neem damdawi hmangin rannung ven nan thlai chu kah thin tur a ni.

• Thlai zik leh a peng thenkhat in a hri natna (Phyllody) vei an awm chuan, a chinna hmun atanga pawh chhuah a halral tur a ni.

NIHAWI / SUNFLOWER Helianthus annus

A Tichhetu rannung lar zualte:

1. A hnah eichhetu  :

Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura,

Hairy caterpillar Diacrisia oblique,

Khapdiau (Semi Looper) Plusia orichalcea;

Pangang thlai hnah ei chi an ni.

2. A dawt / zuk tu   :

Thlai hrik (Aphids) Myzus persicae,

Jassids;

Thlai hrik anni a, thlai chu an zuk thin.

3. A kung rawttu :   :

Cutwork Agrotis ypsilon

Pangang an ni a, thlai tiak hlim leiseh chinah an rawt thin.

Khau (Grass hopper) Atractomorpha crenulata; Khau hian thlai hnah eiin a kung an rawt bawk thin.

A natna lar zual te :

1. A hnah natna:

a) Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria helianthi: A hnah val natna a ni. A val hi rawng eng dal lam in a hual thin.

b) Rust Puccinia helianthi : A hnah upa atanga intan in, a durh a, chu chu keh in, vut dum ang tak a rawn chhuak thin a ni.

c) Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum : Vut ang takin a peng hrang hrang te chu a bawm chuk thin.

2. A Par natna:

a) Head rot Rhizopus sp: A par bawr a tawih a, rannungin an bawm phah vak thin.

3. A kung natna:

a) Sclerotium wilt Sclerotium sclerotiorum: Thlai chu a vuai a, a thi mai thin. Antam chi ang tak, a kung bul lamah a awm teuh thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Nihawi ven dan :

• Nipuin laiin lei chu uluk taka leh phut thin a tha.

• Thlai chinna hmun chu thlawh reng tur a ni.

• A chi hrisel hman tum hram hram tur.

• Thlai chi chu Trichoderma harzianum emaw, T.Viridae emaw in nuai tur a ni a, chi khat leh damdawi 4 grams inchawhpawlh a tawk. Hei hian a natna hrang hrang lakah a veng thei a ni.

• Pangang laka ven nan NVP emaw, Bacillus sp.emaw hman a tha.

• A Kung rawttu pangang (cutwork) awmna hmunah chuan 15-20 cm a sang a lei tih pawna a chi tuh thin hi a tha.

• Thlai hrisello te chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Thlai eichhetu pangang leh rannung te chu man a, tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Rannung tangkai, maimawm leh a dangte chu zuah hram hram tur an ni.

BAWRHSAIBE / LADY’S FINGER (OKRA)

Abelmoschus esculentus

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:-

A zuk tu –

1. Jassids Amrasca biguttula biguttula

2. White Fly Bemisia tabaci

3.  Red Cotton bug Dysdercus cingulatus

4.  Red spider mite Tetranychus spp.

Rannung te reuh te te an ni a. Thlai chu a rah ah te, a par ah te, a peng no laiah te leh a hnahah te zukin a tui hnang an dawt thin a ni.

A Kher tu -

1.  Fruit and Shoot borer Earias spp.: Pangang an ni a, thlai rah te, a par te, a kuhmum te leh a zik te an kher chhe thin a, heivang hian a par chu a tla vak thin a ni.

2.  Pink ball worm Pectinophora gossypiella : Pangang chi khat an ni a, thlai rah chu an khera, a chhung a cheng chungin a rah chu an ei chhe thin a ni.

A natna lar zual te:

1.  Damping off- Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytopthora palmivora, Rhizoctonia sp.: Thlai chu a tiah chhuah hma in emaw, a tiah hlimin emaw an lawng a, an thi zui mai thin.

2.  Powdery mildew Erysiphe sp.: Vut buak natna a ni a, thlai chu vutin a buak vak angin a var vak thin.

3.  Leaf spot or blight Cercospora spp.: Thlai hnah a kir a, chutah rawn vuai in, a hnah chu a tla vak thin.

4.  Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.vasinfectum : Thlai hnah chu rawn eng in, a kung than a thu a, a vuai a, a thi thin.

5.  Yellow vein mosaic of okra Yellow vein mosaic vorus : Thlai hnah chu rawn eng in a tial rang a, a chhah deuh tup thin a. A rah chu a sawng te bawk thin. Rannung chikhat White fly in virus hri hi a pu darh thin a ni.

Rannung leh Natna laka Bawrhsaibe ven dan  :

• Thlai chu a hun dik taka chin thin tur a ni.

• Leilung buatsaih laiin Neem cake @200kg/ha phul hian thlai rulhut bakah, rannung leh natna hri lakah a veng thei a ni.

• Mosaic virus laka fihlim, a chi tha IC-194, Arka anamica etc., chin a tha.

• Thlai chi, Trichoderma viridae @ 4 grams/kg a sawngbawl hian leilung atanga natna awmthei lakah a him.

• Purun nena chin karthlak in a zung beitu thlai-rulhut (nematodes) lakah a him.

• Thlai hmun leh a vel, a chi thlak atanga kar4-6 chhung fai taka enkawl hi a tangkai lehzual a ni.

• Thlai hrisello, a hnah te, a tang te leh a rah te chu thenfai a, halral thin tur a ni.

• Thil ban (sticky trap), white flies rannung man nana hman theih @10nos/ha.

• Trichogramma petrosum/T.chilonis @ 50,000/egg/ha., chhuah in Bawrhsaibe eitu pangang tam tak a ti rem thei a ni.

• Kar 1 dan zel a Chrysoperla carnea @ 2 grubs/plants chhuah in white fly leh rannung taksa nem chi lakah thlai an him thei a ni.

PURUN SEN Leh VAR/ONION Allium cepa & GARLIC

Allium longicuspis

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Thrips    Thrips tabaci Heliothrips indicus

       Scirtothrips dorsalis etc.

Rannung te tak te te an ni a, purun hnah leh a kuang no laiah hreuhin a ro thin a ni. A nasatnaah chuan a kung a tlu a, purun a insiam puitling thei thin lo.

2.  Onion maggot Hylemia antique

Tho chikhat an ni a, a lung hian purun insiam tan tir chu a kher chhe thin.

3.  Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura

Pangang hian purunhnah an ei thin

4.  Aphids Myzus persicae

Hrik, taksa nem deuh an ni a, thlai an zuk thin.

A natna lar zual te :

1. Purple bloth Alternaria porri

Purun hnah leh a par chawitu kuangah te tlem a khuar deuh in a rawn var thliah thliah a, chutah rawn eng zuiin a ro thin. Seng hnuah a dahkhawmna hmunah a tawih chhunzawm duh hle.

2. Blastand nect rot Botrytis spp.

A hnah chu a rawn car phoh phoh a, thlai chu a thi zui mai thin.

3. Downy mildew Peronospora destructor

A hnah hnuai lamah hemi hmuar hri hi a to phuar thin a ni.

4. Basal rot Furasium oxysporum f.sp.cepae

Thlai chu a puitlin dawn hnaih lamah a rawn vuai in, a hnah ler atangin a ro a, a bul pawh a rawn ti tawih thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Purun sen leh var ven dan:

• Leilung chu tha taka leh phut in, thlai chi a hun taka thlak tur a ni.

• Neem cake kg 200, hectre 1 hmun a phul hian lei chhunga natna hri awm thin tamtak a ti ziaawm thei a ni. A chi tuh hma thla 1 velah lo phul lawk tur a ni.

• Trichoderma spp. Gram 4 leh a chi nuai pawlh thin tur a ni.

• Phunsawn atangin ni 30-45 chhung chu huan fai taka enkawl a tul zual.

• Sprayer hmanga thlai, tui a phuh seng seng thin hian thirps inthlahpung tur a ven theih a ni.

• Rannung tangkai chi hrang hrang – maimawm te, daidep te leh a dang ho chu lo zuah hram hram zel tur a ni.

• Chrysoperla carnea thlai hmun a chhuah hian rannung tamtak thah nan a tha.

• Purun leh thlai fang ei (cereals) chin thlak hian blotch natna lakah purun chu a ziaawm thei a ni.

TOMATO Lycopersicon esculentum

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1. Tomato fruit worm Heliothis armigera

Thlai hnah leh a peng no lai te chu hemi pangang hian a ei thin a, tin, a rah te pawh a kher chhe bawk thin.

2.  Tobacco caterpillar/Cutwork Spodoptera litura

Thlai peng hrang hrang leh a hnah te chu a tiah hlimah an ei thin a, zan lama che chin an niin a rualin an khawsa thin.

3.  White Fly Bemisia tabaci

Tho var, te tak te an ni a, thlai chu an zuk a, a tui hnang an dawt thin. Tomato hnah kir natna (Leaf curl virus) an pu darh thin.

A natna lar zual te :

1.  Damping off Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., etc.

2.  Late Blight of tomat Phytophthora infestans

Thlai peng hrang hrangah a rawn lawng a, hmun lum uap churh hmunah hemi natna hi a nasa thin. Hmuar hri chu a rawn chawr buk chhur thei a ni.

3.  Earlt blight of tomato Alternaria solani

Thlai hnahah chuan a val bial thluah thin a, chutah rawn vuaiin, a tla thin. A kungah te pawh rawn valin a tawih thin a ni. Tin, a rah pawh a hnun invuahna atangin a tawih bawk thin.

4.  Wilt Furarium sp., Verticillium sp.

Thlai hnah hnuaihnung ber atanga rawn vuai tan in, thlai pum chu a rawn vuai thin.

5.  Fruit rot Phytopthora parasitica

A rah lei dep ho atangin a rawn intan ber thin. A rah chu rawn val in a tawih zui ta mai thin a ni.

6.  Powdery mildew Levelillua taurica

Thlai hnahah chuan vut buak ang maiin a var phuar thin.

7.  Leaf curl or tomato Tomato virus 16

Thlai than a thu a, a hnah chu a hnuai lam hawi zawngin a inzial khawr thin. A hnah upa chu a khawro in a ram hle thin a ni. Thlai kung chu a pangngai aiin a buk bawrchhawr bawk thin.

8.  Mosiac of Tomato Tobaco mosiac virus

Thlai hnah chu a kir kual a, a chhah tup in, te deuh khawng takin a awm thin.

9.  Root knot of tomato Meloidogyne spp.

Thlai than a thu a, chutah rawn vuaiin a thi mai thin. A zungah bawk a awm thluah thin. Thlai rulhut vangin he natna hi awm a ni.

10.  Fruit cracking

Fur laia khaw lum leh ni a satna hmunah thei rah chu a rawn keh thin. Hei hi natna vang a ni lo. A chi tha lo hman vang a ni.

Rannung leh Natna laka Tomato ven dan :

• Thlai chinna hmun chu fai taka enkawl thin tur a ni.

• A chin kuina hmun hi tlema tih pawn tur a ni. Hei hian lawng natna te leh leilung atanga a kai thin natna chi hrang hrang lakah a veng thei.

• Trichoderma viridae. Gram 4 leh chi kg 1 zel hi hisap a thlai chi sawngbawk hian a chi in a a ken tel leh leilung a lo awmsa te lakah a veng thei a ni.

• A chi kui lai chu nylon len-sina zar khuh hian white fly lakah thlai tiak te chu a veng a. Leaf curl natna lakah thlai tiak an him phah thei a ni.

• Buh leh vaimim leh tomato chin karthlak hian root hnot nematodes a tlem phah.

• Pangang leh thlai eitu rannung te chu tihhlum zel tur a ni.

• Tomato rah, himdamlo chu tihral zel thin tur a ni

• Pheromone traps (rannung manna hmanrua) hmangin pangang puitling ho chu an man theih a ni. Hactare khatah thang 12 vel a tawk.

• Trichogramma sp. @50,000 eggs/ ha chhuah hian thlai zuktu rannung a tih tlem phah a ni.

• Thlai eitu rannung ven nan Bacillus sp., a hman theih bawk.

• French bean leh tomato chin thlak hian natna tam tak pung tur a veng thei.

ALU/POTATO Solanum tuberosum

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:-

1.  Aphids Myzus persicae

Rannung te reuh te te, nem deuh an ni a, thlai chu zuk in a tuihnang an dawt thin.

2.  Cutwork Agrotis ypsilon

Thlai an la sen laiin heng pangang te hian a kung chu lei she chinah an rawt thin a.

Tin, alu insiam lai chu an ei chhe thin.

3.  Vual (White grubs) Holotricha consangguinea

Alu rah insiam chu an eichhe thin.

4. Potato tuber moth Gnorimoschema operculella

Thlai peng hrang hrang an ei thin. Seng hnua a dahkhawmna hmunah chuan alu chu an ei chhe chhunzawm bawk thin

A Natna lar zualte:-

1.  Late blight Phytopthora infestans

Alu pil hri a ni a. A tir ah chuan a hnahah te reuh te te in a rawn dum val thliah a, chu chu rawn dawrh zau zelin a kung chu a rawn tawih thi vek thin.

2.  Early blight alternaria solani

Alu hnahah chuan a rawn val bial pap thin a, thlai kung chu a rawn vuai thin.

3.  Bacteria wilt/Brown rot Pseudomonas solanacearun

Alu kung chu rawn vuai thutin a thi mai thin. A kung zai phel phei chuan thil dum in a kap raih thin a ni.

4.  Potato leaf roll Leaf roll virus

Alu hnah chu a rawn khawr a, a ro ram hle thin a ni.

Thal laiin lei chu hneh deuha lehphut thin a tha.

• Thal laiin lei chu hneh deuha lehphut thin a tha.

• Huan leh lo leh a chhehvel fai taka enkawl thin tur a ni.

• Alu chi hrisel tha chauh lin/cin tur a ni.

• Trichoderma sp., hmanga alu chisawngbawl hi natna ven nan a tha.

• Thlai eitu pangang leh rannung dangte chu vaia tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Alu kung hrisello chu a bul chawp a pawh phawia halral thin tur a ni.

• Trichogramma chilonis hmangin a eichhetu pangang a ven theih.

• Rannung tangkai, thlai eichhelo chi ho chu zuah hram hram thin tur a ni.

• Telenomus leh Bracon te hi rannung ven nan an tangkai em em a ni.

• Alu chu Bawkbawn emaw, Tomato emaw, Hmarcha emaw nen chin thlakthleng thin hian, rannung leh natna hri tamtak inthlahpung tur a tlem phah thei a ni.

ALU/POTATO Solanum tuberosum

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:-

1.  Aphids Myzus persicae

Rannung te reuh te te, nem deuh an ni a, thlai chu zuk in a tuihnang an dawt thin.

2.  Cutwork Agrotis ypsilon

Thlai an la sen laiin heng pangang te hian a kung chu lei she chinah an rawt thin a.

Tin, alu insiam lai chu an ei chhe thin.

3.  Vual (White grubs) Holotricha consangguinea

Alu rah insiam chu an eichhe thin.

4.  Potato tuber moth Gnorimoschema operculella

Thlai peng hrang hrang an ei thin. Seng hnua a dahkhawmna hmunah chuan alu chu an ei chhe chhunzawm bawk thin.

A Natna lar zualte:-

1.  Late blight Phytopthora infestans

Alu pil hri a ni a. A tir ah chuan a hnahah te reuh te te in a rawn dum val thliah a, chu chu rawn dawrh zau zelin a kung chu a rawn tawih thi vek thin.

2.  Early blight alternaria solani

Alu hnahah chuan a rawn val bial pap thin a, thlai kung chu a rawn vuai thin.

3.  Bacteria wilt/Brown rot Pseudomonas solanacearun

Alu kung chu rawn vuai thutin a thi mai thin. A kung zai phel phei chuan thil dum in a kap raih thin a ni.

4.  Potato leaf roll Leaf roll virus

Alu hnah chu a rawn khawr a, a ro ram hle thin a ni.

Rannung leh Natna laka Alu ven dan:-

• Thal laiin lei chu hneh deuha lehphut thin a tha.

• Huan leh lo leh a chhehvel fai taka enkawl thin tur a ni.

• Alu chi hrisel tha chauh lin/cin tur a ni.

• Trichoderma sp., hmanga alu chisawngbawl hi natna ven nan a tha.

• Thlai eitu pangang leh rannung dangte chu vaia tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Alu kung hrisello chu a bul chawp a pawh phawia halral thin tur a ni.

• Trichogramma chilonis hmangin a eichhetu pangang a ven theih.

• Rannung tangkai, thlai eichhelo chi ho chu zuah hram hram thin tur a ni.

• Telenomus leh Bracon te hi rannung ven nan an tangkai em em a ni.

• Alu chu Bawkbawn emaw, Tomato emaw, Hmarcha emaw nen chin thlakthleng thin hian, rannung leh natna hri tamtak inthlahpung tur a tlem phah thei a ni.

BAWKBAWN / BRINJAL (EGG PLANT)

Solanum melongena

Atichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1. Brinjal fruit leh shoot borer Leucinodes orbonalis

Heng pangang hian thlai kung chu a hreuh thin a, tin, a rah te pawh a hreuh chhe thin

2.  Brinjal leaf roller Eublemma olivacea

Thlai hnah chu khawr in a chhungah a cheng thin. Thlai zik pawh an ei chhe bawk thin.

3.  Hadda beetles Epilachna spp.,

Sephung tereuh te an ni a, thlai hnah chu an ei filh thuau thin.

4.  Brinjal stem borer Euzophera perticella

Pangang hian thlai hnah hnun invuahna atang te in a kungah an hreuh lut thin.

5.  Cotton aphid Aphis gossipii, Mysus persicae

6.  Mealy bug Cebtrococcus insolitus

7.  Jassids Amracsa biguttula biguttula

Hengho hi rannung te reuh te te an ni a, thlai peng hrang hrang an zuk thin.

A natna lar zual te:

1.  Damping off

Pythium spp., Phytopthora spp., Rbizoctonia spp.,

Thlai chi chu a tiah chhuah hma in a tawih chhe thin. Tin, tiak chhuak chhun a awm a nih pawhin, a lawng thi zui mai thin.

2.  Fruit rot and blight Phomopsis vexans

Thlai rah lei dek ho chu hemi natna avang hian an tawih thin.

3.  Leaf spot of brinjal Alternaria spp;, Cercospora spp.,

Thlai hnah-ah chuan rawn valin a ro a, a til mai thin. A rah pawh an ti tawih thei a ni.

4.  Wilt Verticullium dahliae or pseudomonas solanacearum

Thlai than a thu a, chutah rawn vuaiin a thi thin. A kung lairil a dum luah thin.

5.  Root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.,

Thlai-rulhut anni a, thlai than a ti thu a, a rah tha thei lo. A zung a bawl thluk thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Bawkbawn ven dan

• Thlai chinna tur chu tha taka lehphut thin tur a ni.

• Neem cake kg 200, hectare khat zelah leilung buatsaih rualin theh tur a ni.

• Thlai chi tha leh hrisel hman hram tur a ni.

• Trichodema viridae hmang in thlai chi chu sawngbawl thin tur a ni. Hei hian thlai natna tamtak a veng thei.

• French bean nen a chinpawlh hian Wilt natna lakah a ziaawm thei.

• Huan/lo chu enkawl fai reng thin tur a ni.

• Thlai eitu rannung te leh an tui te vai a, tihhlum tin tur a ni.

• Thlai hrisello chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Rannung manna thang, thil ban (Sticky trap), buh tin 1 hmun a 3 zel hman hi a tha.

• Thlai rah himdamlo chu tihral hmasak zel a tha.

• Chrysoperla carnea @ 2 grubs/plant hian rannung taksa nem chi ho lakah thlai a veng him.

• Trichogramma chilonis leh Vacillus thuringiensis te hi rannung ven nan an tha.

HMARCHA/CHILLIES (CAPSICUM)

Capsicum annuum

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1.  Thirps Scirtothrips dorsalis

Rannung te reuh te te an ni a, a hnah an zuk thin.

2.  Aphids Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii

Thlai hrik an ni a, thlai peng hrang hrang an zuk a, tin, hmarcha hnah rang (mosaic) virus an pu darh thin.

3.  Pob borer Spodoptera litura

Heng pangang te hian hmarcha rah an kher chhe thin.

4.  Leaf eating catterpillar Laphygma exigua

Pangang chikhat an ni a, hmarcha hnah chu an ei thin a ni.

A natna lar zual te:

1.  Damping off

Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani

Thlai chi thenkhat tiak chhuak zo lo in a thi thin a, tiak chhuak chhun pawh an lawng a, an thi zui mai thin.

2.  Anthracnose/ripe rot Colletotrichum capsici

A tang ler atangin a rawn ro tan a, a kung chuan a thih phah thin. A rah pawh khuar deuhin a val a, chu chu rawn tawih zuiin a tlak phah thin.

3.  Cerospora leaf spot Cerospora capsici

Thlai hnah a rawn val thluah thluah thin.

4.  Leaf curl of chillies Tobacco leaf curl virus

Thlai than a thu a, bawrchhawr takin a buk luai thin.

5.  Mosaic of chilli Chilli mosaic virus

A hnah a ti piangsual a, a rang ruai thin. A rah pawh a ti sawrbawk thin.

Ranung leh Natna laka Hmarcha ven dan:-

• Thlai chinna hmun tur chu hneh deuh a leh phut thin tur a ni.

• Neem cake kg 200, hactre khat zela theh hian natna tamtak a ven theih a ni.

• Thlai chi hrisel hman tur a ni a, chu chu uluk taka kui tur a ni.

• Thlai chi hi trichoderna sp., gram 4 leh a chi kg 1 nuai pawlh hian natna tamtak lakah thlai chu an him thei a ni.

• Thlai chi kuina tur chu tlema kang sang deuha siam tur a ni. Thlai lawng natna lakah hei hian a veng thei a ni.

• Thlai eitu rannung te chu vaia tihhlum thin tur an ni.

• Thlai kung hrisello te chu abul nen pawh phawn a, halral thin tur a ni.

• Rannung manna thang, thil ban (sticky trap), hman hian rannung tam tak a suat theih.

• Pheromone thang, hactare khata 5 zel hman hian pangang a ti tlem thei.

• Thlai in par a chhuah atanga a rah hun thleng a NPV a tum 3 kah hian pangang tamtak lakah thlai chu a ven theih.

• Thlai hrik leh taksa nem nei chi ho ven na tur in, Chrysoperla carnea emaw, Trichogramma petrosum emaw chhuah thin tur a ni.

ZIKHLUM, etc/ CRUCIFEROUS

Zikhlum lam thil (Cruciferous), chi hrang hrang te-

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:-

1. Cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae : Pangang chikhat an ni a, thlai hnah an ei thin.

2.  Diamind back moth Plutella maculipennis : Pangang te reuh te te, a huho a khawsa thin an ni. A hnah an ei chhe thin.

3. Aphids Brevicoryne brassicae Lipaphis erysimi : Thlai peng hrang hrang an zuk thin. A hmuman an lut thin a, parbawr leh broccoli-ah chuan a par karah an tawm khawm thin.

4.  Painted bug Bragada cruciferarum : Thlangdar chikhat an ni a. Anmahni hi an dum a, chutah chuan a sen leh a eng in a de thin. Thlai peng no lai te chu an zuk thin.

5.  Cabbage borer Hellula Undalis : He pangang hian thlai cu a hreuh chhe thin.

6.  Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura : Thlai hnah an ei filh thuau thin.

7.  Mustard Saw Fly Athalia proxima : Pangang, a hnah ei thintu a ni a, a hnung zang hmun 5 ah a dung zawngin a engin a rang thin.

8.  Hairy caterpillar Diacritia oblique : Pangang thlai hnah ei thintu an ni.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Damping Off Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., : Thlai chi chu a tiak chhuak zo lo in a thi thin. A tiak chhuah a nih pawhin reilo teah a kung chu leiseh china lawngin a thi leh mai thin.

2.  Club root Plasmodiophora brassicae : Thlai kung chu a fere in, tui kham lo ang takin a lang a, a zung a bawk thluah thin.

3.  Downy mildew Peronospora parasitica : A hnah hnuailamah rawn valin, heng a val lai ah hian hmuar a rawn to thin.

4.  Powdery mildew Erysiphe crusiferarum : Vut in a buak ang main thlai chu a rawn var phuarh thin a ni.

5.  White rust Albugo candida : Thlai hnahah chuan te reuh te te in a var thliah a, a par leh a peng hrang hrang te chu a chhah tup thin.

6.  Watery soft rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum : Thlai hnah chu rawn val in a lawng zui a, a peng hrang hrangah a kai zel thin.

7.  Black rot or Crusifers Xanthomonas campestris : Thlai hnahah chuan a tlang atanga intan in, ‘V’ ang deuhin a val lut thin. A hnah leh a zungte chu a dum ruak thin a ni.

8.  Bacteria soft rot Erwinia carotovora : Thlai chu rawn tawihin a uih huam thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Zikhlum chi-ho ven dan:

• Thlai chinna hmun tur chu thal laiin hneh deuh deuha leh phut thin tur a ni.

• Thlai chi tha leh hrisel hman thin tur a ni.

• Thlai chi chu Trichoderma viridae a nuai pawlh thin a tha.

• Thlai chi chu uluk taka kui thin tur a ni a, phunsawn hunah pawh a bi chu mumal takin siam thin tur a ni.

• Tui a mamawh tawk pek ngei ngei tur a ni.

• Thlai chinna hmun chu fai taka thlawh thin tur a ni.

• Thlai eitu rannung te chu vai khawma tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Thlai peng hrisello te chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Thlai phun atanga chawlhkar 4-6 chhung chun uluk leh zuala a bul hnai a hnim thlawhfai thin tur a ni.

• Rannung eitu maimawm chi hrang hrang te, daidep te, uifawm te, khuai etc te chu zuah hram hram thin tur a ni.

• Rannung tui eichhetu – Trichogramma. Telemonus, Bracon, etc te chu huanah chhuah thin tur ani.

• Pangang thah nan Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (N.P.V.) a thlai chu kah thin a tha.

• Beauveria bassiana, gram 2 leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh in thlai chu kah thin tur.

• Kar khat danah tum 2, Chrysopids chhuah hi rannung thah nan a tangkai.

• Thlai chi ngai ngawr ngawr hmun ngaiah chinglo in, zikhlum lam chi chinna hmunah chuan Be-kawmnei emaw, Bawkbawn emaw, Hmarcha emaw, Tomato emaw te nen chin thlak thleng thin tur a ni.

MAI, ect/CUCURBITS

Mai lam chi (Cucurbits), chi hrang hrang te:

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Red pumkin beetle Aulacophora foveicollis : A note/ a lung in a thlai zung leh a rah, lei dep ami chu an hreuh chhe thin a, a pui hian thlai hnah leh a par te a ei chhe bawk thin

2.  Pumkim fruit fly Dacus cucurbitae : A note/ a lung hian a rah an kher chhe thin. Nipui ruah tlak hlim hnawng uap churhah an pung duh hle.

3.  Pumkin Caterpillar Palpita indica : Thlai hnah eiin an ril hmangin an pawt khawr thin. A rah ei tlak lohin a siam thei.

4.  Semi looper Plusia peponis : Khapdiau an ni a, thlai hnah an ei thin.

5.  Leaf eating beetles Epilachna spp., : Thlai hnah ei chi sephung tereuh te an ni.

6.  Aphids Aphis gossypii : Thlai hrik, taksa nen deun nei an ni a, thlai chu zuk in a tuihang an dawt thin.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Fruit rot Pythium aphanidermatum : Thlai rah, lei depa awm ho hian hemi natna hi an kai ber. A rah a tawih thin a ni.

2.  Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum, sphaerotheca fuligenea : Vut buak angin thlai hnah te chu a rawn paw vak thin.

3.  Downy mildew Pseudoperenospora cubensis : Thlai hnahah chuan a rawn val kulh a, a hnah hnuai lamah a rawn hmul chhuak thin.

4.  Anthracnose Colletotrichum langinarium : Thlai hnahah chuan a rawn val a, a rahah pawh a var kual thluah thin.

5.  Wilt Furarium oxysporum : Thlai kung chu rawn vuaiin a thi mai thin.

6.  Cucurbit mosaic Cucumis virus 1, 2 & 3 : Thlai hnah chu a rawn rangin a chhah tup thin a, a sawrbawk hle thin bawk

Rannung leh natna laka Mai chi-ho ven dan:

• Thlai chinna tur hmun chu uluk taka leh phut tur a ni.

• Thlai chi chu Trochoderma viridae gram 2 leh a chi gram 100 hisap a nuai pawlh phawt thin tur a ni. Hei hian natna tamtak lakah thlai a veng thei.

• Thlai chu in zam thuahtir loh tur a ni. A inzam thuah hian downy mildew natna a hluar duh a ni.

• Huan leh lo hmun chu fai taka enkawl tin tur a ni.

• Thlai kung hrisello emaw, a peng hrisello emaw te chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Thlai eitu rannung te chu vaia tihhlum fo thin tur a ni.

• Rannung tangkai – Maimawm te, daidep te, uifawm te, khuai chi hrang hrang te chu that lo in humhalh hram hram tur a ni.

• Beauveria bessiana hmanga thlai kah hian rannung tamtak a ven theih a ni.

• Buh nena chin thlakthleng hian Vut buak natna (Powdery mildew) lakah a zia awm thei.

KAWMNEI THLAI / PULSES & LEGUMES

Kawmnei thlai (Pulses & Legumes), chi hrang hrang te:

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Gram caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera : A zikno te, a kuhmum te leh a rah te ei thin tu pangang an ni.

2.  Cutworm Agrotis ypsilon : A tial she chhumin, a hnah a no leh a par an ei thin. Zanah an che ber.

3.  Plume moth Exelastis atomosa : A par, a rah leh a mu no an ei thin.

4.  Gram podfly Melanagromyza obtuse : Tho chikhat te tak te an ni a, a note, pangang hmul neilo hian be kawm chhunga a mu no te te an ei thin

5.  Hairy Caterpillars Amsacta albistriza, Diacrisia obliqua, Euprocti spp., Azazia rubricans : Heng pangang hmul neilo hian a hnah leh a zikno an ei thin.

6.  Pea leaf moner Phytomyza tricornia : Pangang te tak te an ni a, a hnah an hreuh a, a hreuhna lai chu hnapkhawn vahna ni awm takin a kawi ngiai thin.

7.  Bean fly Ophiomya centrosematis : A note/ a lungin behlawi leh bean hnah no eiin, a kung leh a kau an hreuh chhe thin.

8.  Pobborers Adisura atkinsoni, Macura testaitalis : Heng pangang te hian be kawm an kher a, a mu an ei thin.

9.  Blister beetle Mylabris pustulata : Kutdurh an ni a, thlai kuhmum leh a par an ei thin.

10.  Aphids Aphis spp., Macrosiphum pisi : Thlai zikno te, a hnah te, a par te leh a rah tuihnang an dawt a, hei vang hian thlai a thang tha theilo a, a rah pawh a thar tlem phah thin.

11.  Root weevil Sitona lineatus : Tuaingawt ang tak an ni a, a note/ a lung chuan thlai zung an ei a, a pui hian thlai kung a khel thin.

12.  Mites Tetranychus ludani : Maimawm chikhat, arhrik tiat lek an ni a. thlai hnah hnuaiah awmkhawmin, maimawm ril ang an zam a, thlai tuihnang an dawt thin.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Gram wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri : Thlai a tiah hlim te , a par lai te in a kung a vuai a, a hnah a thi thin. A chi atanga kai a ni.

2.  Gram blight Mycosphaerella rabiei, Aschochyta rabiei : Thlai peng hrang hrangte chu mai a hliau ang maiin a vuai sul thin.

3.  Gram rust Uromycesciceris arietini : A hnah hnuai lamah arngeng ang takin a bawl a, chutah a hnah chu a ro thin.

4.  Red gram wilt Furarium udum : Behliang natna deuh bik ni in, a hnah chu a eng a, a vuai mai thin.

5.  Red gram leaf spot Cercospora indica : A hnahah chuan tereuh te te in a bawl that a, a khawr a, chu chu ro in a hnah chu a tla vak thin.

6.  Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni : Vut ang tak in thlai peng hrang hrang te chu a bawh var luk thin ani.

7.  Leaf spot Cerospora cruenta : A hnahah chuan a val thluah a, a val lai chu a kaw thluah thin a ni.

8.  Sterility Mosaic Virus : Thlai hnah chu a hring leh eng inpawlhin a de chhuak vek thin

9.  Phutopthora blight Phytopthora drechleri f.sp., cajani : A hnah chu de thet thet in, leiseh chinah a kung chu a ro in a tlu a, a thi thin.

Rannung leh natna laka Kawmnei Thlai ven dan:

• Hmun zawl a thlai chin dawn chuan, uluk taka lei chu leh phut tur a ni a. Lei chhunga rannung leh natna hri inphum te kha, nisa leh sava hmangin a tihhlum theih a ni.

• Thlai chi thlak hma thla khat vel la awmah, leilungah chuan bawngek leitha emaw, ar ek etc, emaw, neem cake emaw theh darha lei chu leh hnan tur a ni.

• Thlai chi tha leh hrisel hman hram hram tur a ni.

• Thlai thar rang chi hi pangang inthlahpun hma in a puitling thei a, chuvang chuan an tha bik a ni.

• Thlai chi chu tuh hma in Trichoderma viridae emaw, Trichoderma harzianum emaw nena nuai pawlh hi a tha. Hemi damdawi gram 4 leh a chi kg 1 chawhpawlh hi a tawk.

• Thlai chinna sir ah chuan vaimin chin tel a tha. Vaimim ah hian rannung tangkai tamtak an cheng tel a ni.

• Thlai huan sirah chuana tlara derhken chin a tha bawk. Thlai eichhetu rannung , lungphurthlahtu (Moths) hetah hian an tui thin a, chu chu an keu hma in thaha halral vek thin tur ani.

• Fai taka hlo thlawh thin tur a ni.

• Natna vei thlai te chu lawrkhawm a halral thin tur a ni.

• Rannung thlai eitu te chu vaia tihhlum thin tur a ni.

• Chhehhnawk hnuaiah rannung tam tak, thlai eichhetu te an tawm a, hengho hi vaia tihhlum thin tur an ni.

• Rannung ei chi sava fukna tur thlawhlai hmun hrang hrangt a mau kak phun hi a tangkai hle bawk.

• Thim hlimah, hmun remchang laiah mei chheh a tha a, tin, petromax chhit a, rannung, thlai eichhetu te tlak na turin chawhtawlh a hnuai a dah in, tui leh sahbawn phuan emaw, khawnvartui tlem pawlh hian rannung tam tak an tla hlum thei.

• Lo neitu te thian, rannung tangkai – Maimawm te, daidep te, chungu te, utawk te, khawidang etc te, hi humhalh thin tur a ni. Heng hian thlai ei lo in, thlai eichhetu rannung te chu an lo vai ve thin a ni.

• NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) 250 LE (Larval equivalent) leh tui chawhpawlh hi kar khat dan zelah, tum 3 kah thin tur a ni.

• Baccilus thuringienses (Bt) Kg 1 leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh hactare 1 hmunah kah thin tur a ni.

• Neem atanga siam rannung hnawhbona chi hrang hrang, Multineem emaw, Econeem emaw, 3 ml leh tui litre 1 chawhpawlh in, thlai chu ni 15 dan zelah kah thin tur a ni.

SAWHTHING/GINGER zingiber officinale

AIENG/TURMERIC curcuma longa

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Culm/stem borer Prodioctes haematicus : Sephung te reuh te a ni a, thlai kung chu leiseh chung deuhah hreuh in a thlar insiam thar chu an hreuh chhe thin.

2.  Crane fly Mimigrella sp., : Thosi ngalsang ang tan an ni a, a note ho hian sawhthing thlar chu an ti lung vak thin a ni.

3.  Shoot borer/skipper Dichocrosis punctiferalis : Pangang an ni a, thlai kung chu hreuhin a zik a thi thin.

4.  Scale insects Aspidiotus hertii : Hrik phek deuh an ni a, a huhoa khawsa in thlai chu an zuk thin.

A natna lar zual te:

1.  Rhizome rot or soft rot Pythium spp,. : Thlai hnah chu rawn engin a kung pawh a thi thin. A thlar insiam chu a tawih pur thin a, a tawih rim hi a chhe em em a ni.

2.  Anthracnose or leaf spot Collectotrichum capsici : Thlai hnahah chuan a rawn val ruak ruak a, chutak a rawn to a, a thi thin.

3.  Leaf bloth Taphrina maculans : Thlai hnaah chuan a sen dal deuh in a rawn de thluah a, a hnah chu a ro a ro zui thin.

Rannung leh Natna laka Sawhthing leh Aieng ven dan:

• Lei lehphut nisaa em tir hian, leichhunga cheng rannung te leh natna hri mai bakah a hlo chi inphum te an thi thei a ni.

• Sawhthing leh Aieng ten hi hmun zawlah emaw, leiletah emaw chin hram tum tur a ni a. Tin, lei chu hneh deuha lehphut phawt thin tur a ni.

• Lei lehphutah hian Neem cake theh tur a ni a, theh tur a ni a, theh atanga thla khatna velah thlai chi chu lin chauh tur a ni.

• Thlai chi hrisel hman hram hram tur a ni.

• Thlai chi chu Trichoderma viridea emaw, T. harzianum emaw nen nuaipawlh hian natna lakah thlai a him thei a ni.

• Thlai chi lin zawh hian, hnim hringa khuh a tha a, hei hian leilung luangral tur a ven baka, lei tih hnawn nan a tha a ni.

• Hnim leh hlo te chu tha taka thlawh fai thin tur a ni.

• Hmun zawl a kan chin chuan tui luanna kawng tha taka siam tur a ni.

• Thim hlimah hmun remchang lai leia chheh hian, thlai eichhetu rannung tamtak an in rawhhlum thin a ni.

• Thlai natna in a bawh chu a zung chawp a kara, halral thin ngei tur a ni.

• Thlai eichhetu rannung leh a tui te chu vai a, tihhlum thintur a ni.

• Rannung tangkai chi hrang hrang – Maimawm te, khuai te, daidep te, uifawm te leh a dang dang ho hi tihhlum lohb hram hram tur a ni.

• Shillong par (Lantana camara) hi ching tel ila, a kung khertu Shoot borer in an tlem phah thei a ni.

• Sawhthing chu pangbal emaw, hmarcha emaw, buh emaw, vaimim emaw te nen chin thlakthleng thin tur a ni.

FU/SUGARCANE Sachharum officinarum

Atichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Kung hreuhtu pangang:

Early shoot borer

Pink borer

Top shoot borer

Internode borer

Stalk borer

Gurdaspur borer

Chilo infuscatellus

Sesamia inference

Scirpophaga exerptalis

Chilo Sacchariphagus indicus

Chilo auriciluius

Acigona steniellus

Heng pangang te hi an pui chu lungphur – thlahtu an ni a, fu hnahah an tui a, chu chu rawn keuin fu chu an hreuh thin.

2.  A zuktu rannung pyrilla pyrilla perpusilla : Rannung tereuh te, thlawk thei a ni a. Fu hnah hnuaiah khawsa in , fu hnah chu an zuk thin. He rannung hian chil hnang a chhakchhuak a, chutah chuan hmuar hri a to thin.

3.  A zung eitu Tlumpi (Termites) Odontotermes spp., : Fu chi chu kher in an ei chhe thin a, tin, a zung te pawh an ei bawk thin

Vual (White grubs) Holotrichia spp., : Fu zung an ei chhe thin a ni.

A natna lar zual te :

1.  Red rot Colletotrichum falcatum : A hnah chu a rang ruak a, afu kung chu han phel ila, a sen in a kap vak thin. Fu natna chimawm ber a ni.

2.  Wilt Furasium moniliformae var.subglotinans; Cephalosporium sacchari : A zik rawn engin a vuaia, a ro zui thin.

3.  Grassy shoot Mycoplasma like organism : Lei she chinah tawi buk vak thin.

4.  Smut Ustilago Scitaminae : Fu zik chu sin tak in a rawn inzial a, hemi chhungah hian vur dum rawn insiam in, chu chu a keh thin. Seng tlakloh in fu chu a chhuak thin.

Rannung leh natna laka Fu ven dan:

• Nipui laia lei chu hneh deuha lehphut a tha, lei chhunga rannung leh natna hri te leh hlo chi inphum te chu a tihhlum theih a ni.

• Fu chi hrisel chauh hman tur a ni.

• Trichoderma viridae hmangin fu chi te chu chiah thin tur a ni a. Hei hian wilt leh red rot natna lakah fu a veng thei a ni.

• Fu chi chu 20 cm a thukah tak chin / lin thin tur a ni.

• Bawngek leitha, tawih tha tak, hman hian, tlumpi pung tur a ven theih.

• Fu huana behliang chinkual hian fu zung beitu rannung te chu an ven theih.

• Tui pek ngun hian fu kung nget pangang a ziaawm thei.

• Fu kung hrisello a awm chuan, laichhuah a halral thuai thin tur a ni.

• Fu hnah hlehna te chu halral mai lovin, leiah chuan chap thin tur a ni. Hei hian thlai tan hnawng a siam mai bakah, rannung tangkai te tan inthlahpunna tha tan a siam thei a, tin, hnim lo tur pawh a up bet thei.

• Fu kung, tlu hnawk mai tur te chu do that mai tur a ni. Hei hian a kung hreuhtu rannung te leh sazu lakah te a veng ve thei a ni.

• Fu hnah hreuhtu pangang ten fu kung an tihchhiat chu sah a halral thin tur a ni.

• Fu kung hrisello, red (Fu kung lairil a sen in a kah) leh wilt (fu kung vuai) natna in a beih te chu a zung chawpa laihchhuah a, halral thin tur a ni. Tin, heng kung hrisello hmuna tuipek hian leia a natna hri a semdarh thei a, a kung hrisello hmuna tuipek hian leia a natna hri a semdarh thei a, a kung hrisel dang ten an kai theihloh turin tuipek dan fimkhur a tha.

• Vual leh rannung dang chu a khat tawk a vai fo thin tur a ni.

• Rannung tangkai Epiricania tui te zuah an nih theih nan, fu sengna hnua hnah te chu halral loh tur a ni.

• Trichogramma spp,. Rannung tangkai chu fu hmunah fu kung nget pangang veng turin, July thla atangin, ni 10 kar danah, tum 10 vel tak chhuah thin tur a ni.

• Fu chu a bul thei ang bera sah/seng thin tur a ni.

• Fu hmun tar tawhah chuan, fu chin thar leh hma in, thlai chi dang buh emaw, vaimim emaw, alu emaw te chin chunzawm leh phawt thin tur a ni.

A. SER/CITRUS Citrus spp,.

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1.  A hnah eitu:

Citrus/Lemon butterfly Papilio demoleus : Ser hnah no te te leh a zik te chu hemi pangang hian an ei filh thuau thin. Pangang hi uite-pangang, ki sei deuh nei a ni.

Citrus leaf minor Phyllocnistis citrella : Ser hnah hreuhtu a ni a, ser hnahah chuan hnapkhawn vahna hnu ni awm takin a rang riak thin.

2.  A kung hreuhtu

Bark eating caterpillars or stem borer

Indarbela quadrinotata

Trunk borer Monohammus versteegi

Twig borer Oberis sp,.

Ser kung hreuhtu pangang an ni a, ser kung chu an hreuh nasat avangin a kung pawh a thi thei hial thin a ni

3.  A hnah leh a rah zuktu:

Citrus pyslla

White mites

Citrus Mites

Citrus mealy bugs

Citrus dvslr insects

Citrus aphids

Diaphorina citri

Aleurocanthus spp., Dialeurodes spp.,

Eutetranychus orientalis

Pseudococcus filamentosus

Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus destructor

Aphis goggypii, Toxoptera aurianti

Ser hrik tereuh te te an ni a, ser zik leh hnahah te an zuk a, a tuihnang an dawt thin a ni.

Fruit sucking moth Ophideres fullonica, Achoea janata : Lungphur thlahtu chikhat a ni a, a pui hian ser rah chu a zukin a dawt thin.

Fruit flies Dacus dorsalis

Tho chikhat a ni a, a pui hian ser rah ala sen laiin a tui a zuk phum thin. Ser rah chuan a tlak phah vak thin a ni.

Citrus fruit bug Rhynchocoris humeralis : Thlangdar rimchhe tak an ni a, ser rah chu a zuk thin. Ser ti hut tu pakhat an ni.

A natna lar zual te :

1. Gommosis/foot rot/crown rot etc,. Phytopthora spp, : Ser kung, leiseh chinah a rawn lawng a, a kawr rawn khi in a rawn hnai tuam tuam th in.

2.  Powdery mildew Oidium tingitatum : Ser hnah leh a zik noah te chuan vut buak ang maiin a var tuar thin. A hnah sawng te in a rah te pawh in an tlak phah a. Tin, sertang chu a lar lam atangin a thi thin bawk a ni.

3.  Felt diseases Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum : Ser tangah te chuan hmul ang tak in a rawn bawh thin. Hemi hmul karah hian rannung te tak te te (Scale insects) an khawsa thin. Ser kung tar leh hrisello ah a awm duh bik.

4.  Sooty mould Capnodium citri, Meliola butleri : Ser hnah leh a tangah te bakah a rahah te hmuar dum in a bawk vak thin. Heng hi tuai fai mai theih an ni. Heng vang hian ser than a thalo in, a rah te pawhin an tuar thei ve a ni.

5.  Anthracnose or wither tip Collectrichum gloeoporoides : Ser hnah a tla a, a tang te chu a hmawr atanga intan in an thi thin. Ser rah a insiam tha theilo, a rah sen te chu a tla vak thin a ni.

6.  Damping off of seedlings Pythium sp., Phytophora sp., & Rhizoctonia sp., Ser tiak hlim chu a lawng a, a thi mai thin.

7.  Root rot Fusarium sp., Armillariealla melea., Ganoderma lucidum etc. : Ser zung chu a thi thin.

8.  Citrus canker Xanthomonas campestris pv.citri : Ser peng hrang hrangah hemi natna hi a rawn langchhuak thin. A hnahah chuan tereuh te te in a rawn val thliah thliah a, a rawn darh zau zel thin. Ser rah te pawh a rawn khi ruak ruak thin a ni.

9.  Loranthus Loranthus spp., : Ser kung bawmtu pat ek chikhat an ni. Ser kung peng hrang hrangah an awm thin a, ser kung tuihang chu an hip thin. Ser huan leh kung enkawl ngun lohah a awm thin.

10.  Zinc deficiency : Zinc chawtha tlakchham avangin ser hnah chu a eng leh hring in a tial chuai thin.

11.  Citrus decline (Sem tam) : Ser a rawn tam dawn hian a kung chuan a hrisel thatna hlohin a rawn chul rup a, a tang leh a zar te chu a rawn ro a, a rah te pawh a rawn tlem a, a tawpah chuan serkung pum chu a rawn thi thin a ni.

B.  THEIHAI/MANGO Magnifera indica

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  A hnah leh a rah zuktu

Mango hopper

Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis : Khau chikhat, te reuh te an ni a, theihai par chu an zuk thin.

Mango Mealy bug Drosicha mangiferae : Hrik chikhat an ni a, theihai kung leh a tang an zuk thin.

2.  A rah khertu / A lung

Mango fruit Fly / Oriental fruit fly

Dacus dorsalis, Dacys spp,. : Tho chikhat an ni a, theihai rah, a pil hnuai lawkah tui an phum thin a, hemi a rawn keu hian a rah chu a lung thin a ni.

Mango nut weevil

Sternochetus mangiferae : Tuaingawt chikhat an ni a, theihai pil hnuaiah tuiin, chu chu a lo keu velah theihai mu chhungah a lut a, a mu chhungril chu an eichhe thin.

3.  A kung hreuhtu

Mango stem borer

Batodera rufomaculata, B. Rubus

Bark eating caterpillar Indarbela quadrinotata : Theihai kung chu heng pangang te hian an hreuh thin. Tin, a pil te pawh hreuh chhia in, anmahni tawm nan an ril an zam vak thin.

Termites Odontotermes obesus, Neotermes gardneri : Tlumpi an ni a, theihai chu a zung leh a kung pil an eichhe thin.

A natna lar zual te:

1.  Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides : A hnahah a rawn val thluah thluah a, a zik no a rawn ro a, a thi thin. A rahah pawh rawn val in, a valna chhung lam hi a rawn char in a rah chu a khi thin.

2.  Powdery mildew Oidium magiferae : Theihai ziak leh a hnahah te chuan vut ang maiin a bawh var luk thin.

3.  Mango malformation (Various factors) : Theihai zik te chu bawr khawmin te reuh te in an buk luai thin. A par insiam tan chu a rawn lian hluai a, a piangsual thin.

4.  Bacterial leaf spot/ Canker Pseudomonas mangiferae – indicae : Theihai hnahah chuan, a tlang atangin a rawn val a, hemi val hi a lawng zui thin, a rah pawh rawn khi in a hnai tuam tuam thin.

C.  BALHLA/BANANA Musa paradisiaca

  A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1. Root stock weevil Cosmospolites sordidus

2. Banana stem borer Odioporus sordidus : Tuaingawt chikhat an ni a, a pui leh a lung te hian Balhla kung leh a peng te chu an kher chhe thin a ni.

3. Banana aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa : Hrik tereuh te te an ni a, balhla hnah no chu an zuk thin. Balhla hnah kawr/zik kir natna (Bunchy top virus), hri pu darhtu an ni.

4. Cotton aphids Aphis gossypii : Hnah hrik an ni a, hnah rang natna (Mosaic virus) an pu darh thin.

5. Fruit and leaf scarring beetles Colaspis hypochlora : Sephung chikhat an ni a, balhla rah leh a hnah an khel rang thin. Hmun tam zawkah chuan hralh a tlak loh phah thin a, mahse Mizoramah chuan hetiang a rang hi a thlum deuh zawkah ngaih a ni.

A natna lar zualte :

1.  Sigatoka leaf spot Cercospora musae : Balhla hnahah chuan a eng te reuh te te in a rawn val a, chutah a hnah vang zawngin a rawn rang ruak ruak a, a hnah chu a rawn ro thin.

2.  Panama disease or Banana wilt Furarium oxysporum f.cubense : Balhla kung chu ni hnih khatah a rawn vuai thut thin. A kung chu rawn kehin a tlu thin a ni.

3.  Bunchy top of Banana Vbanana Virus-I : Balhla than a thu a, a hnah te chu tereuh te, kawh kawh sir ser in a awm thin. Rah chhuah lo in a nung ve reng thin. A kung hrisel dangin a kai darh hma in, a zung nen kar phawh a halral thin tur a ni. Balhla zik kir natna a ni.

D.  Kawlthei / GUAVA Psidium guajava

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Fruit Fly Dacus dorsalis, D.zonatus, Chaetodacus spp. : Tho chikhat an ni a, fur laiin a rah kawrah chuan a tui a, chumi rawn keu a lung chuan theirah chu an eichhe thin. A rah hian a tlak phah vak thin a ni.

2.  Bark eating caterpillar Indarbela quadrinotota, I.tetratonis : Kawlthei kung pil chu hemi pangang hian a hreuh vak thin a, anmahni tawm nan theikung pangah chuan ril an zam nuaih thin.

3. Mealy bug Cryptolaemus sp.,

4.  Scale insect Pulvinaria psidii : Hrik tereuh te an ni a, theikung peng hrang hrang chu an zuk thin.

A natna lar zual te :

1. Wilt of guava    Furarium oxyporum var.psidii

          Macrophomina phaseoli

A zik lama a hnah te chu a rawn eng a, chutah rawn ro in, a zar/tang te chu a rawn keh zui a, ni 10-15 inkar chhung lekah a kung chu a rawn vuai vek thin.

2.  Anthracnose Colletotrichum psidii : A rah la hmin loah chuan te reuh te te in a rawn val a, chu chu rawn lian zelin a val khuar thin. Hemi valah hian hmuar hri hi a rawn to phuar thin. A rah la hminlo hi a char/chang thin. Tin, a tang ler atanga rawn ro in a thi bawk thin.

3.  Stem canker Physalospora psidii :,/b> Thei kung chu a rawn khi a, a thi mai thin.

1.  White fly Bemisia tabaci

A hnah an zuk a, hnah kir natna (leaf curl virus) hri an pu darh thin.

2.  Aphids Aphis spp., Myzus persicae : Thlai hrik an ni a, a hnah zuk in hnah rang natna (papaya mosaic) hri an pu darh thin a ni.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Collar rot Pythium aphanidermatum : Theikung chu leiseh chinah rawn lawng kualin reiloteah a thi mai thin.

2.  Papaya leaf curl Tobacco leaf curl virus : Thei hnah chu a rawn kir chung-chi-vetkual vek thin. A hnah chu rawn sawng te zelin chutah a ram hle thin a ni. Par a chhuah tha theilo a, a rah pawhin tlemte chauh a rah thin a ni. A kung chu a zung nen kar a halral mai hi a tha ber.

3.  Papaya mosaic Papaya mosaic virus : Theih hnah chu a rawn kir a, a rang ruai thin. A hnu deuhah chuan a rah chu hrui tia lekin a rawn vial hlawm a, a zika a hnah chu chung zawngin a kawh lah thin. Rah sawng tereuh te te chuah a chhuah thin. A kung chu a zung nen kar a, halral mai hi a tha ber a ni.

F.  LAKHUIH-THEI/PINE APPLE Ananas Cosmosus

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1.  Mealy bug Pseudococcus bromeliae : Hrik te reuh te te an ni a, a huhoa khawsa in thei hnah chu an zuk thin.

2. Slug caterpillar Parasa lapida : Pangang tereuh te te an ni a, thei hnah leh a zikno an ei thin.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Soft rot, Storate rot or Fruit rot Ceratocystis paradoxa : Thei chu a hnahah a rawn val a, tin, a rah a rawn tawih bawk thin.

2.  Heart rot or stem rot Phytopthora parasitica : A hnah chu vuaiin a rawn eng a, a hnah lairil chu awlsam takin a pawh dawk theih thin.

G.  GRAPES Vitis vinifera

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te:

1.  Flea beetles Scelodonta strigicollis : Sairil-hrik/sephung te reuh te te an ni a, a pui hian grape zikno leh a kuhmum an ei a, tin, a note/a lung hian a zung an ei thin.

2.  Grapevine leaf roller Syolepta lunata : Pangang note hian grape hnah chu a hnuai lampang atangin an ei thin a, tin, a pui hian a hnah chu a ril hmangin an khawr vak thin.

3.  Chaffer beetles Adoretus spp.: Sephung chikhat an ni a, zanah grape hnah chu an ei thin.

4.  Grapevine girdler Sthenias grisator : Sephung chikhat an ni a, grape hrui chu an khel vak thin.

5.  Grapevine thrips Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus

6.  Jassids Amrasca sp.

7.  Scale insects Aspidiotus cydoniae

8.  Mites Typhlodromus bakeri : Rannung tereuh te te an ni a, grape peng hrang hrang te chu an zuk thin.

9.  Wasps and Honey bee : Khuai leh khawivah te hian grape rah chu an zuk/ an dawt ve thin a ni.

A natna lar zual te :

1.  Downey mildew Plasmophora viticola : Grape peng no lai apiangah hemi natna hian a bawh thin. A hnah chunglam ah chuan a eng-dal deuhin a rawn val thin a, hnah hnuai lamah chuan hmuar var a rawn to phuar thin a ni.

2.  Powdery mildew Uncinula necator : Grape peng hreng hrengah vut ang takin a bawh luk thin. A rei deuhah hei hi a rawn ro a, a hnah te chu a rawn khawr thin a ni.

3.  Anthracnose Elsinoe ampelina : Grape hnah leh a rahah te chuan hemi val natna hi a rawn awm thin.

H.  KUHVA / ARECANUT Areca catechu

A tichhetu rannung lar zual te :

1.  Arecanut beetle Araecerus fasciculatus : Sephung tereuh te an ni a, a hnah leh a rah te an ei thin.

2.  Spindle bug Carvalhoia areca : Kuhva zik leh a par an zuk thin a, a nasatna hmunah chuan a hnah a thler sung a, kuhva kung than chu a thu thin. Hrik chikhat, a dum leh a sen inpawlh an ni a, a huho in an khawsa thin.

A natna lar zualte:

1.  Fruit/bud rot (Koleroga/Mahali) Phytopthora palmivora : Fur intan hnu lawkah hemi natna ni a rawn intan thin. Kuhva rah chu a hnun bul atangin a rawn tawih a, a tla vak thin. A nasatna hmunah chuan a zik a thi tel thin.

2.  Stem bleeding / crack an sun scorch Ceratostomella paradoxa : Kuhva kung a khi a, a hnai tuam tuam thin. Tlak deng lamah a hluar thin.

3.  Root rot Ganoderma lucidum : Kuhva zung chu a tawih a, heivang hian a hnah te pawh a vuai sul a, a kung bulah chuan hemi hmuar hri hi a rawn to chhuak phuar thin.

 Thei kung te hi kum tamtak chhung an dam thin avangin enkawl uluk an ngai em em a. Kum tin a hmun ngai ah an awm a, a bawmtu rannung leh natna hri te hian inthlahpunna hun remchang tak an nei thin a ni. Kum hmasa lama rannung te kha rawn inthlahpung zelin a kum lehah theikung te chu an bawh chhunzwm zel thin. Hemi avang hian kum khat thlai te ai hian, hri leh natna bakah, a eichhetu rannung chi hrang hrang chhawm an nei nasa bik em em a ni.

1.  A chi leh a tiak:

• Thei phun tur chu a hrisel tha tur a ni a, tin, a chi anih pawhin uluk takin a hrisel tha ngei thlan thin tur a ni.

• Thei chu a mu/ a chi atanga kan ching dawn a nih chuan, thei kung hrisel tak atangin a mu/a chi lak thin tur a ni.

• Theikung naupang lutuk atangin a chi lakloh tur a ni a, tin, a kung upa a mi pawh nise, a rah la naupang chu a chi atan lak loh tur a ni. Entirnan, hmun thenkhatah chuan kuhva tiak puitling hlei theilo te hi a awm fo a. Hei hi a chhan be chu, a chi atana hman hi ei atana tlak loh, no hnip tak, hmun khata vawm khawm an ni fo a. Heng atang hian rawn tiak chhuak ve tho si in, phun hnuah kum2/1 pawh daih lo an ni chawk a ni.




 Thei chu a tiak kan phun dawn a nih chuan, kumkhat a upa hi a duhthusam awm ber.




 Thei tiak chu a himdam tur a ni a, a pil pilh leh khem nasa tak te hian natna hri an kai hma a, tin, a hnah hrisello leh khem nasa tak te hian natna hri an kai hma a, tin, a hnah hrisello, val leh lawng natna hnuhma awm te hi thlan loh hram hram tur an ni.

2.  A chi tha, natna tuar/do thei (resistant varieties).

• Thei kung thenkhatah te chuan natna do thei tur leh rannung duhloh tura a bika siam chhuah (resistant varieties) an awm thin. Heng ang a chi tha te hi Department in lakchhuah chang a nei thin a, heng te hi chin/phun zawng chhang tlak tak an ni.

• Serkung zawm/mit bel (grafted/budded plant) atan pawh hian ramchhung a tualto ser, eitlak mangloh te hi a tha a. A bul lamah heng ser te hi hmang ila, a ler lamah ser tui tak kan thar thei a. Hetianga ser kung zawm te hi an thatna chu, natna leh rannung an do theih mai bakah a tualto an nih avangin ser-tam hri leh hriselloh-na dang tam tak an pumpelh thei a ni.

3.  A chi tuhna/kuina hmun:

• A chi hi kui ngei thei sela a tha. A kuina hmunah hian enkawl a awlsam a, tin, a hrisel thalo te pawh a paih nghal maitheih zel a ni.

• A tiak phunsawn dawnin a khur tur lo laih lawk ni sela. Hemi a khur turah hian bawngek leitha, neem, cake, etc., thla khat vel emaw tal lo dah lawk thin bawk tur a ni.

4.  A phun kar hlat zawng :

• Thei kung kan phun reng rengin a kung leh a kung inkar hlat zawng hi uluk taka duan a tul thin. Thei kung chu a zar buk leh bukoh danah a phun inkar hlat dan tur a hril hle a. Thei kung inkar ah thlai dang kan ching dawnlo a nih chuan a zar te chu indip dal phak lo tur tawk vel a phun thin tur a ni. Theikung buk chi, tawt deuh a phun a thatloh rual rual in, a karah thlai dang kan dah dawn a nih loh chuan inhlat deuha phun hi a tha chuanglo bawk.

5.  Huan enkawl fai:

• Huan hi hnim laka a fai thatloh chuan theikung tichhetu rannung chi hrang hrang te leh natna hri te hian inthlahpun an awlsam em em a ni tih kan hriat reng kha. Tin, theikung bawk luk a hnim zam thin te pawh hi then fo tur a ni.

6.  Leilung laihphut

• Nipui laiin theikung leh theikung inkar chu laihphut thin a tha. Hei hi tlangram hmun awihah chuan a harsa a nih pawhin, hmun zawl deuh leh rualrem deuhah chuan tih ngei thin tur a ni. Hetia laihphut hian leichung a rannung leh an tui inphum te chu hai lan an nih in leh, natna hri, leilung a awmte pawh nisa ah te an inpho thei a ni.

7.  Thei kung hrisello thenfai:

• Thei kung chu, a tang te, a zar te, a hnah te leh a peng dang dang, a rah leh a par te thlengin, hrisello bik a awm thin. Hengte hi uluk taka zawn chhuah thin tur a ni a. Thei kung chu a peng thenkhat mai hrisello an nih chuan chung chu sahthlak a halral thin tur a ni.

• Thingzar leh atang te chu sahthlau zawnga tan thin tur a ni a. Hemi sahthlauna hmuamhma hi ruahtui dawnglo zawngin, a hnuai lam hawiin ni sela. Tin, fur lai a nih chuan, a hmuamhma chu polythene a tuam thin tur a ni.

• Thingzar leh a tang sahthlakna hmuamhmaah hian Bordeaux paste emaw, chinai a lawng emaw talin a tah thin tur a ni.

8.  Thei rah leh a kung tichhetu rannung te tihhlum:

• Theinkung bawmtu rannung te chu vaia thah thin tur a ni.

• Thei rah tla, entirnan, theihai rah te, ser rah te, kawlthei te leh a dang dangah te hian, a rah khertu pangang te hi an la chamban thin bakah, an tui te pawh an phum thin. Heng te hi uluk taka zawn khawm a, hmun khata paih khawmin, a theih chuan halral thin tur a ni.

• Thei tang, rannung in an kher ro te chu sah thlak a halral thin tur a ni.

9.  Meichheh leh mei khuk :

• Thim hlimah, huan hmun remchang lai laia mei chheh thin tur a ni. Heng mei chheh te hi rannung thlawk thei tam takin an rawn pan a, an in rawhhlum thin a ni. Pangang thlahtu te hi phengphehlep chi hrang hrang leh lungphur thlahtu te an ni a, eng lawm tak an nih avang hian, tam tak hetiang hian an tihhlum theih a ni.

• Chhunah leh hun remchan lai laiin huan chhunga mei khuk thin hi a sawt hle bawk. Heng meikhu hmang hian rannung tamtak an umbo theih a ni.

10.  Thing nget kaw hnawh leh tihfai :

• Theikung chi hrang hrang hi a kung nget in an bei thin a. Hetiang rannung te hi thingnget chi hrang hrang-keltelaimawm te leh tuaingawt chi hrang hrang te an ni ber a. Theikung chu a zar te leh a kungpui an beih nasat chuan theikung chuan a thih phah thin. Hetianga rannungin an kherna hnuhma hi ziah fai tua a ni a, chutah lapuaa khawnvartui emaw, diesel emaw chiah huh in, chu chu a nget kua ah hian hawlh luh a, hlum a zut phui lehzel tur a ni.

• Thei kung thenkhatah chuan thirzai zum sin deuh hmangin heng a nget te hi kher theih an ni.

11.  Rannung tangkai humhalh :

• Huan leh lo-ah te hian rannung tangkai (natural enemies), loneitute thian, tamtak an khawsa ve a. Heng ho hi zuah a, tihhlum loh hram hram tur an ni. Heng rannung tangkai te hi awlsam zawnga kan hriat theih dan tur chu – Thlai leh hnim hring eilo a rannung dang emaw chaw atana ring ho hi an ni.

• Rannung tangkai chi hrang hrang – Maimawm chi hrang hrang te, daidep te, khauchher te, utawk te, khuai chi hrang hrang te, khawidang te, saihmarthur te leh a dang dang te hian thei rah leh a kung tichhetu rannung te chu an lo vai ve char char thin a ni.

12.  Thilnung tangkai, Bio-pesticides hman :

• Thei phun tur emaw, tuh tur emaw te chu thuilnung tangkai, trichoderma spp spp., Pseudomonas sp., emaw hmanga sawngbawk hian, an tiah chhuah hnu rei tak thlengin leilung a natna hri tamtak lakah an him thei a ni.

• Thei kungah chuan Bio-pesticides/ Bio-agents chi hrang hrang Trichogramma spp., te, Coccinals (Ladybird beetles) te, Chrysopids te, Bacissulus thuringiensis (Bt) te, NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis viruses) DD – 136 nematode te, Beauveria spp te., Metarhizium spp., te leh Neem atanga siam chhuah rannung thahna hlo hmangte hian rannung chi hrang hrang an suat theih a ni.

THLAI CHI HRANG HRANG BIO-PESTICIDES HMANNA TE: